Tata Company SWOT and PEST Analysis

Tata Motors is an automotive manufacturing company based in India. The company specializes in the design, development, assembly, financing, manufacture, and sale of Tata vehicles. In addition, it sells accessories, and spare parts. The company has its primary operations in India, South Africa, Thailand, South Korea, Spain, the UK, and Bangladesh.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tata Company SWOT and PEST Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tata has its headquarters in Mumbai India with approximately 52,244 employees. For the fiscal year ended march 2011, Tata recorded revenue of $26860 million representing a 33 % increase over the 2010 period. Its operating profit over the same period stood at $1,068.2 million in 2011 compared to $156.4 million in 2010. Current Strategies Pursued by Tata The companys main strategy is to expand its global presence. The company is moving quickly in acquiring other companies in different countries to expand its business globally. According to Goldman (2), Tata has successfully built a sound business in South Africa, which is a key element in its current global expansion strategy. Tata is not new in acquisitions; in 2000 the company bought Tetley Tea a company based in the UK that was suffering from losses. This was the companys first major acquisition. According to Krishnan (4), the companys acquisition of two premium vehicle brands Jaguar and Land Rover may boost the companys image as an international company; in addition, it will help the company in its up scaling efforts similar to the way the acquisition of Tetley Tea Ltd boosted Tata Tea Ltd and Corus Group Plc (Carty 2). Aims and Objectives The objective of this report is to carry out a detailed strategic analysis for Tata Company. The analysis will be based upon secondary from the Internet including the companys financial statements, case studies, and other online sources. The aim of this report is to provide a useful strategic analysis that can be used not only as point of reference for Tata motors but also as a theoretical framework for undertaking the companys valuation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report may be used as a primary guide for researchers who seek to appreciate and understand Tata company strategies and also get a practical perspective about Tata as a public listed company. Methodology An in-depth analysis of the companys strategy will be undertaken. In analyzing the companys strategy, the report will make use of both qualitative and quantitative analysis based on the data and information gathered from various online sources, published reports about Tata company, and the companys website. The conclusion arrived at shall be a mix of the students own belief as well as factual presentation. Scope of the Report The scope of this report is academ ic and will be based on academic data in addition to past academic and professional analysis of Tata motors. We will present the entire report as a practical framework based on research findings about the company and apply the findings of the research to Tata Motors. There are two major areas that will be covered that include SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), and PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological). Limitations The report and the analysis will be done based upon data and published reports sources from recognized business databases on the Internet. It will be done from the students point of view for academic purposes; as a result the output may not qualify as a complete analysis of Tata company. Even though maximum efforts will be applied to ensure that both the analysis and the conclusion arrived at will be as comprehensive as possible and can be adopted in professional scenarios. PEST Analysis Political Given that Tata Mot ors operates in several countries across Asia, Europe, Australia, Middle East, and Africa, it has to consider the political environment, including regulations and laws in the specific countries in which it operates. Regulations that govern trade, commerce, investment, and growth are largely influenced by the political climate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tata Company SWOT and PEST Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A good example is in 2008 when Tata reached an agreement with a UK based Ford to purchase Land Rover and Jaguar. To do this, it had to fully comprehend the laws that regulate commerce in its home country in addition to the countries where Jaguar and Land Rover operate in. As Tata advances in its global expansion strategy, it is important that it keeps an eye on political changes. The Tata head office reports that India has very strict regulations that govern the regulations of the company in all its dealings and its subsidiary operations (Tata Motors Limited 1). Economic Given its presence in several continents, Tata focus its marketing strategy on the individual markets while keeping a close watch on the global economic developments. From 2004, the company has expanded its global presence through joint ventures. For this reason, it must understand the global economic perspective, to learn, and adapt to the different regions which it operates. Given its wide presence, the company has a competitive edge in gathering of resources and information. For instance, if aluminum prices go up in Africa, Tata has the choice of sourcing them from other suppliers in Europe or Asia at an affordable cost (David 5). The exchange rates equally affect the companys business. Fluctuations in the exchange rate can significantly affect the companys profitability it can also imply that costs increase or reduce in return. For this reason, the company has to pay a closer attention not only t o the Indian currency (rupee) but also other currencies, including the pound, dollar, euro among others (Krishnamoorthy 4). Social How well Tata performs is determined by the opinions, general attitude, and beliefs of all the stakeholders in the organization. The stakeholders include the companys management, employees, and suppliers. The attitudes and culture possessed by the stakeholders ultimately influences Tatas future in terms of profitability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is because of this that Tata tend to use an integration strategy for the new companies it acquires in various continents. Demographic characteristics equally affect the company. For example the demand for cars in India significantly differs from the demand for cars in Italy. The Indian market is significantly large than that of Italy in addition, the company has to take into account the individual purchasing power in each market. In Italy for example, individuals have higher incomes as such they can afford to drive big luxury vehicles. Cheap vehicles like Tata Nano can do well in India than in Italy. The social factors significantly affect the companys marketing and product design strategies. Technology In terms of technology, Tata motors in one of the leading companies in the industry. Given its global presence, the company has a significant pool of resources and experience that it can use to undertake research and development initiatives. The company translates the needs of the customers into products desired by the customers through innovative research and development (Tata 4). The company employs approximately 1400 engineers and scientists. In addition, it has a Research and Development team that meets the international standards and leads in the Indian market. With the automotive industry, individual manufacturers must keep pace with technology given the emerging problems of high fuel prices and global warming. The company must invest sufficient resources in Research and Development to come up with new innovative solutions that can address these problems and keep the company viable. SWOT Analysis Strengths Tata has an upper hand in innovation because it is fully committed to Research and development. It ability to design the Nano, the least expensive and fuel efficient vehicle that retails at only $2500 represents a better deal than what the other companies have developed. This gives the company a competitive edge over its competition. In addition, the company has diversified its production because it production ranges from the most expensive tractor trailers to the cheapest Nano cars. Because of this the company can satisfy customer demands in various market segments. Similarly the company enjoys a good public image because of its corporate responsibility initiatives, especially charity donations and its environmentally friendly initiatives. In 2000, the company produced the first compressed natural airbus OneCat that neither has gas costs nor carbon emissions (Corporate Governance 7). This has made the car quite attractive for the developed markets. The way the company manages its acquisitions is a strength. As part of its global expansion strategy, whenever it acquires a foreign company, it keeps intact not only the companys structure but also the existing management team. Weaknesses A major weakness that the company faces is its inability to satisfy the safety standards. Even though the company has succeeded in making one of the cheapest cars in the market, the company has not met the legal factors that form part of the safety measures. Some quotas have questioned Tata Nano; they argue that as a car manufacturer, Tata should ensure the safety of its consumers at all costs. They doubt if Tatas cheapest car is safe to drive. For the last one decade, the company specialized in passenger cars. From the customers’ point of view, the period is not long enough and because of this, the company is not fully experienced in car manufacturing. In 2011 December, the company had to recall approximately 1.4 million Nano cars to replace their faulty starter units. The replacement affected all cars that had been produced from 2009 when the new car brand was launched. This cost the company approximately $21.8 million. Such recalls have a negative impact o the companys profitability because the replacement costs adverse effect on the operating results. In addition, product recalls affect public perception of the co mpany because the products are viewed as possessing less quality and this could strain the sale of Tata Motors Company. Opportunities The creation of new products by Tata will most likely enhance consumer confidence and interest in the company. The company launched a number of new products in the 2011 financial year, including Tata Prima Construck in India, Tata Indica eV2 in India, XKR-S at the Geneva motor show Tata Venture in Rajasthan, Tata Magic IRIS, and Tata Ace Zip. In august 2011, the company launched a modified version of its premium hatchback. Its new products development in various markets across the world will significantly improve the companys product portfolio resulting in increased sales and growth. This will also help in growing the companys brand image. Second, the company is better positioned to benefit from the high-demand for diesel cars in India. In the last one year, India has seen a significant increase in the demand for diesel cars. The increase in demand is highly attributed to petrol prices deregulation in June 2010 that saw petrol prices rice by a margin of 30 %. Compared to petrol, in India, diesel fuel is mostly used by manufacturers, and farmers. These groups enjoy subsidized rates. The increase in the prices of petrol in the previous two years has encouraged consumers to shift toward more fuel efficient cars. For the fiscal year 2011, diesel cars had a total market share of 40 % of all the cars sold in India. The Indias Automobile Manufactures reports that from 2011 the sale of diesel cars increased by more than 24 % whereas the sales for petrol cars declined by 16 %. Currently in India the demand for diesel car models account for approximately 80 % of the total market. Tata has positioned itself t benefit from the increased demand for diesel cars in India. Hybrid vehicles are equally another opportunity for Tata Company. As consumers become more environmentally conscious, they demand for eco-friendly cars. In addition, increasi ng oil prices and government regulations aimed at reducing global warming and pollution, are pushing people toward hybrid electric vehicles. The main markets for electric vehicles are majorly the United States, Japan, and Western Europe. However, the rapid economic growth that China is experiencing, it is expected that the demand for hybrid electric vehicles will increase in the country. In 2010, the world hybrid electric vehicle market recorded a sales turnover of $33 billion, and the market is expected to register yearly growth rate of 18 % between 2010 and 2015. As a company, Tata has positioned itself to capture a significant share of the market for hybrid electric vehicles. In the UK Tata Motors is one of the leading green-technology automotive companies. In 2011, the company launched a land rover with an advanced plug-in hybrid diesel technology. The launch was done at the Geneva motor show. The company’s focus toward hybrid vehicles will enable it to benefit from the p ositive market growth in this sector. The India’s automotive industry is equally expected to deliver positive growth. The industry is growing at a faster rate and currently India takes the second position as the fastest growing car market. Future growth of Indias automobile sector will benefit from increased economic growth, high disposable incomes, high population, and change in peoples lifestyles. In the passenger cars segment, it is projected that growth will average 13 % annually from 2011 to 2015. By 2015, it is projected that India will be the seventh largest car market in the globe. By 2020, India will be the worlds third largest market after the United States and China. Threats Stiff competition is a threat the company faces. The world automotive industry is highly competitive and with increasing global consolidation and globalization the competition will increase even further. Competition will be more stiff in the in the premium vehicle categories as all market parti cipants tighten their strategies to maintain their market share in established markets. A number of factors affect competition and these include: product features and quality, development time, innovation, a companys ability to manage its costs, pricing strategy, safety, reliability, fuel economy, and customer service. With the Indian market Tata faces stiff competition from Hyundai, Suzuki, General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Honda Motors, Mitsubishi Motors, and Mahindra Mahindra. Its premium vehicle categories like Jaguar compete with established European brands for example: Audi, Lexus, Mercedes Benz, Volkswagen, Infiniti, and Porsche. The Land Rover on the other hand competes with vehicles made by Nissan, Isuzu, and Toyota. The high competition is highly likely to increase price wars leading to pressure on the companys profits and loss of market share. Environmental laws and regulations equally pose a significant threat. As a vehicle manufacturing company, Tata is expected to abide by government regulations pertaining to carbon emission levels, safety, noise, and pollution from its production facilities. Given the current state of global warming, governments will be even stiffer in enforcing the regulations, and this may adversely affect the companys financial performance. In particular, Europe and the United States have very strict regulations relating to vehicle emissions. Given that Tatas Land Rover and Jaguar brands have well established operations in Europe and UK. In addition, other markets where Tata has interest have begun defining their Greenhouse gas standards including Korea, China, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, and Australia. In order for Tata to comply with future and current environmental regulations, Tata will have to incur significant capital outlays and research and development expenditures. This will be necessary to upgrade not only its products but also the manufacturing facilities. If the company does this, its costs, and operational resul ts will be affected (Chang 6). The poor economic outlook for Europe and the United States is another potential threat. In 2008 the world suffered one of the worst financial crisis in history. The recession that followed negatively affected the economies of the United States and Europe. According to a report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the output from the two regions will remain below their market potential. The United States is trying to regain its foothold; however, the economy still weak growth coupled with slow job recovery. Similarly, the weak household finances, housing market, and reduced consumer purchasing power have worsened the downside risks. The U.S. economy is forecasted to grow at an average of between 1.5 % and 1.7 % in the 2011/2012 fiscal year. At the same time, Europe suffers high public deficits, increased market instability, and low potential output. All these factors have come into play to reduce the rate of economic growth. Growth in real Gross do mestic product (GDP) within the Euro area is forecasted to decline from two percent in the first half of 2011 to only one percent in 2012. In addition, the ongoing financial challenges facing the region are likely to result in limited credit creation and lower confidence. Given that Tata Motors Company gets approximately 35 % of its revenues from Europe and the United States, such a weak economic environment can adversely affect the companys growth prospects and revenues (Korzeniewski 2). Based on the strategic analysis, Tata is a strong company that has gained significant competitive edge from its global expansion efforts through mergers and acquisitions, and its parent company Tata Group. The company has the right foundation in pace and is well placed to advance its international growth strategy in the selected regions. Works Cited Carty, Sharon. Tata Motors to buy Jaguar, Land Rover for $2.3B. USA Today. 2009. Web. Chang, Richard. Can Detroit be relevant? The New York Times. 2008 . Web. Corporate Governance. Tata group. Tata. 2012. Web. David, Ruth. Tata Motors: ready to take on the world? Forbes. 2012. Web. Korzeniewski, Jeremy. A new agreement between Tata Motors and MDI Bring the air-car closer to reality. AutoblogGreen. 2007. Web. Krishnamoorthy, Anand. Jaguar purchase drives Tata Motors shareholders to end holdings. Bloomberg. 2008. Web. Krishnan, Ravi. Tata small car throws a big punch. Livemint.com. 2008. Web. Tata Motors Limited. Profile. Tatamotors.com. 2012. Web. This report on Tata Company SWOT and PEST Analysis was written and submitted by user Imani Mooney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

From Grace to Grass Essay Example

From Grace to Grass Essay Example From Grace to Grass Essay From Grace to Grass Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: : From Grace to Grass About twenty years ago, I grew up knowing I was to be the only child. I can track my childhood background as a memory of affluence. In fact, my parents had secured for me a lavish lifestyle that kept me in a comfort zone of taking things for granted. Years went by and with each maturity level of my life, my small family was not the ideal family preached about in any church or valued in any religion. My parents were always at war, and the worst-case scenario was watching them fight and hurl expletives that were deafening. I hated my father for being a drunkard, especially so since he always had a strong alcoholic smell about him, and my mother annoyed me with her retaliation. Sadness would engulf me every time I saw my friends’ parents walk with them to school as I sat on the left front seat of the car waiting for the driver to park so I would alight. My parents were often busy traveling across the country and abroad leaving me in the caring hands of the nanny, but I needed mo re than that. I had everything a girl my age dreamt of at the time, but none of it was of important as I would have traded it for the simple touch of a loving and caring parent. When I approached my teenage years, rebellion was gradually developing in me since I needed a unique character to be noticed by the people in my society. A foul attitude towards people my age and even my elders was the order of the day. Every conversation that I had with those older than me was always short and terse, as in my mind they did not comprehend what I was going through. My understanding of life went down the scale because according to me, it was hopeless to search its meaning. I lost faith in God and went as far as disapproving His existence. I directed spite towards my parents for their absence at the time when I needed them most, and truly, absence did not make the heart grow fonder. I began disassociating myself with people who I deemed as paupers regardless of their kindness and harmless gestures. In my mind, they were beneath me and I could not stand how they looked or smelled. Despite their indirect infliction of pain on me, my unharmonious parents tried to talk me out of bad company, but I ignored them intentionally. I would even go as far as having long verbal arguments with them as I always thought that they were being unfair. Indulgence in alcohol and other drugs seemed like my only refuge and solace, despite their foul taste and smell, and I could not listen to any relative since they were of less value to me. Life is like a coin. It has two sides, and while one is comfortable with the side on top, he or she will be perplexed with the negative outcomes of the side at the bottom. Clearly, this did not occur to me when I tossed the ‘coin’ of life and the first side was full of bliss. While I was still in the miasma of mischief and rebellion, absurdity struck in my life when my parents were involved in a fatal road accident. This was like a complete u-turn in my life because I was reduced to an orphan. Since I had already reached 18 years, I knew exactly what death was about. It simply took away your loved ones and left you in emotional misery thinking about how your life will be in the coming years. Following the news, I had feelings of immense pain, which I expressed to anyone who would give me an audience. Emotional trauma caved owing to the questions that were multiplied in my mind. Questioning God did not bring any desired response and questioning me was worse with the frustration of being incapable of answering them. It dawned on me that I had been taking my life for granted. Whether they were imperfect or not, they were still people who brought me into this world and that was enough to accept them as they were. My parents’ death revolutionized my lif e since I started seeing things in a different perspective. It is said that experience teaches fools, and the lesson I learnt was broad enough to sustain my personality for the rest of my life. A revolution is a transformation from an immature or underdeveloped state to an improved and valuable state. The series of events in my childhood life and as I grew up brought a revolution to my life either knowingly or unknowingly. The greatest revelation was written on the wall in bold in the demise of my parents. At that juncture, I realized that we should not take people for granted because they are like flowers and they can wither away anytime. In my personal reflection, I delved into the reminiscence of the earlier times when they were still alive, and there happy times are still vivid in my mind. It also dawned on me that a smile on anyone’s face does not mean that he or she is not going through problems. I had been jealous of my classmates who seemed happy so I ended up treating them harshly. My aim, at that time, was to put them on the same level of unhappiness as I was, but that only drove me towards worse things like alcohol and drugs. My parents’ death made me establish a rehab in my inner self to deal with the emotional disorder. The relatives I despised and rejected ended up being my guardians with no friction. Everything I had been avoiding was coming face to face with me, but I learnt that dealing with them promptly would only make me stronger. I am now a strong-willed person who believes in herself taking one-step at a time in life. There is no rush in finding the meaning of life because life is a teacher by itself and it is full of experiences, which mould us to better persons. We might be in different comfort zones then suddenly, life surprises us with tormenting events that help us learn the essence of appreciating happy moments with each other regardless of the personality or background. Problems will keep on streaming in a people’s lives, but we need to learn to take control so that we deal with other subsequent ones intelligently. The absence of my parents, while they were still alive was an opportunity. I had to learn to survive without them, but I ignored it at first. The good thing is that I finally understood my life’s status. I am now strong enough to advise to my age mates or even younger children who are going through what I faced in my earlier life hoping that they will heed it and take the righ t direction. I have a positive attitude towards the outcomes of life. This revolution has elevated me to a higher position, and I believe it will help me thrive in the future.

Purpose of the Investigation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purpose of the Investigation - Research Paper Example One could only work on probabilities and hope that the decisions made come out successful. For that reason, it is always good to conduct research on the issues at hand, analyses such data, find a concrete solution before a decision is made based on the outcome of the process. Failure to follow a logical process in decision making leads to regrets during implementation of such decisions when they fail (Crotty, 1998). Various methods could be used in researching and analyzing contract information. One of the analysis techniques is the content analysis. This is the examination of written or recorded information systematically through breaking down the sentences, identifying and eventually analyzing the relations of words, sense, sentences, characters, concepts and or common themes from such records. It is a critical examination as opposed to just describing content. Purpose of analyzing such content is to gain a clear insight into the precise and fully focused problem of research or bas ed on topic at hand. It also helps examine trends, see patterns and establish consistency required (Weber, 1990). Research keeps one informed on the current trends as compared to what has been in use in the past. It helps one see what is actually on the ground and find ways of integrating the decisions with the realities on the ground. Many people do their investigations in boardrooms and for that reason fail to have a true picture of what is actually happening on the ground (Ewing, Tarantino, & Parnell, March 2006). The disagreement with the contractor is a serious thing whenever a project is being carried out. This is because what was expressed on paper and in contract might be quite different from that which is happening on the site and thus make the contractor feel duped. For that reason, it is important that the manager of such a contract goes ahead to research and find where the problem is before making any decision. When evaluation of research data and findings has been done, then a decision could be made based on various solutions suggested (Onwuegbuzie, 2003). The purpose of this study is to establish the cause of the problems that led to the disagreement between the management and the contractor on the ongoing project of reservoir construction. The main issue here has been the fact that the location of the reservoir is located on hard granite rocks which need expertise and heavy machinery to blast them before construction can begin. This was not indicated in the original documents and the contract. Given the fact that the community and the hospital are posed to gain heavily from this project, a mutual solution needs to be found (Della-Piana, Low, & Lyman, 2005). The rationale for this research is based on the fact that one of the major objectives of BAMC is to be responsive to the public in terms of community needs. The contractor selected is one of the most credible one in the prequalified list and losing him would mean compromising on the quality o f the reservoir. A good reservoir will also ensure that both BAMC and the community are served well without interruption of water supply (Creswell, 2002). Resolution of the existing problem would require that all the stakeholders assemble to find a lasting solution to the problem at hand. This would require that the following options be considered: Subcontract the project by seeking an engineering firm that would be engaged in the blasting of the granite rocks to ensure that they are

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Executive Summary - Essay Example This has given rise to an â€Å"imperialistic form of a mindset† where the existing products are sold to the established markets in the global markets. By the maintaining the focus on the affluent consumers and some partner-organizations who participated actively in the formal economy, it implied that much of general consumer capabilities were being taken for granted. Low-income markets also referred to as the base of the economic triangle offers both tremendous opportunities to tap despite the unique challenges. In the recent years entrepreneurial firms from developing markets seem to have noted a loophole in the global market that when capitalized on can aid in the tapping of the untapped sectors of the market. Tapping on the opportunities and challenges at the base of the economic pyramid (Sirkin, Hemerling, & Bhattacharya, 1996, pp73). The opportunities linked with the market at the base of the economic pyramid are gradually becoming significant to both business managers a nd scholars. There is evidently more than meet the sight when considering the consumers having annual purchasing power parity of 1500 dollars or even less (Hymer, 1976, pp27). In fact, any business trying to find its footage in a new environment is bound to face quite a number of challenges. As a business strategy for new global ventures, entrepreneurs have been turning on to partner organizations for resources and expertise they are lacking (Stiglitz 2002, pp67). Just as is the requirement by most governments, it becomes indispensable that the new entrants in the global market have a corporate partner in the host country who will ensure market accessibility in the new economies. Moreover, the entrepreneurial firms that are entering the base of the pyramid strata of market economy have had to expand dramatically the field of potential alliance partners (Sharma & Vredenburg, 1998, pp729). According to the research work conducted, it is evident that the base of pyramid strategies that were successful relied so much on the partners who were non-traditional. Examples of such partners include the community groups, non-profit organizations, local or rather village level governments (Smith 1976, pp92). The strategies that turned out to be quite unsuccessful relied majorly on the traditional partners who included the national governments as well as the well-established local companies. This could be explained by the reasoning that the traditional partners are far removed as regards to the business knowledge of the low-income consumers (Ghoshal & Nohria 1989, pp327). Having a variety of non-corporate partners is also another strategy that has been employed by the entrepreneurial firms venturing into new global markets. These partners provide pertinent information as regards to the targeted customers and the general business environment that can be hardly found in the corporate sector. This process goes as far as the typical focus on the suppliers and customers. As post ulated by Hart and Sharma (2004), the greater the lack of certainty about what sought of knowledge is imperative, the more the importance of radical transaction is increased. This entails the ability to

Television as the Substitute Good Essay Example for Free

Television as the Substitute Good Essay Studying the conditions, it can be understood that the television set is a substitute good of the television repairmen. Meaning, if the cost of hiring repairmen goes up, the demand for television sets will rise (Piana 2005). Although this may seem counter-intuitive, it makes much more sense when the problem is closely observed. Firstly, we take only in consideration the two goods given: repairmen and television sets. It does not follow that television sets have an absolute need of repairmen for the industry to survive. When a television set breaks, hiring a repairman is not the only option. The second option is the second good itself. People have the option to simply buy a new television set. It is true that the market of repairmen is dependent on the demand for television sets but the scenario asks for the opposite. The market of television sets does not rely on the demand of repairmen. Overall, we can say that the increase of repairmen cost per hour will increase the quantity of new television sets sold. If the cost of television repairmen becomes too high, people will have the tendency to buy new sets instead of hiring repairmen. Of course, this scenario relies on the condition that other goods in the market are not considered. If we take into consideration goods that rival the television such as computers and what not, then the market for television sets may go down with the repairmen. However, the problem must be limited to the given and all other factors cannot be applied. Since television and repairmen are the only ones to be considered, then the prediction above is more or less acceptable.

Pressure :: essays research papers

Pressure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pressure, is the ratio of a force acting on a surface, to the area of the surface; it is thus distinct from the total force acting on a surface. Units of pressure are force units divided by area units. Examples of these are pounds per square inch, dynes per square centimeter, or newtons (N) per square meter (Pressure n.pag). Pressure has many influences and effects on objects. When the pressure rises, it affects the melting point and the boiling point of a substance. This causes the raising of the melting and boiling points of most substances (Pressure The... n.pag). Pressure can be seen and demonstrated in many ways; including air pressure, Bernoulli’s principle, Pascal’s Principle, and Archimedes Principle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air pressure is the force exerted on you by the weight of tiny particles of air, called air molecules (Sample n.pag). The air’s pressure is caused by the weight of air that presses down on the earth, the ocean, and the air (Understanding...n.pag). Even though they can’t be seen, they still have weight and take up space. Air molecules are very spaced out and can be compressed to fit in a smaller volume. When the air is tightly compressed, the air is under high pressure. We are continuously feeling air pressure but we are used to the air pressure around us at sea level so we don’t consciously feel it. But when one travels higher the number of air molecules decreases and thus the air pressure also decreases. When this happens, certain symptoms can be noticed, such as a shortness of breath and the popping of your ears. This pressure is measured by an instrument called a barometer (Sample n.pag). Air pressure is reported in inches of mercury in the U.S, but elsewhere they measure it in millibars, also called hectopascals (hPa). Air pressure, among other things, is used to forecast the weather. If there is a high-pressure system coming through, then cold temperatures and blue skies will result. If there is a low-pressure system, then warm, stormy weather is expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernoulli’s principle is a perfect example of how the use of pressure can be beneficial. This principle has to do with flight and is what keeps planes in the air. It has to do with the shape of the wing on an aircraft. The bottom part of the wing is flat and the top of it is curved.

Analysis of Home Safety of the Elderly Living in City and Rural Areas

Analysis of Home Safety of the Elderly Living in City and Rural Areas 1. Absract Physiological changes and chronic diseases arising during aging process increase risk of accident of the elderly, especially the elderly living alone at their homes. Home accidents are the most commonly health problem in the elderly. This study was carried out to describe home safety of the elderly living in a city or rural area using a home safety checklist. 512 living in Turkey (330 in city; 182 in rural area) were evaluated via face-to-face interview using a home safety checklist during a period between December and March in 2007. In addition to sociodemographics, a questionnaire including home characteristics and life style of participants was applied. To describe home safety level, Home Safety Checklist was used. 2-Introduction Aging, which is a part of life and a nonrecoverable process. Developments in the field of tecnology,health and nutrition increasing life expectancy in the general population has led to an increased incidence of elderly population. Especially in industrialized countries, this increase is faster. The increase in elderly population by bringing with it social problems, particularly affecting the family structure of the elderly living alone is cause Depending on the time during the aging process in human organism, physical, physiological and psychological changes are emerging. Decrease with aging occur in the physical abilities, to continue their activities of daily living and home-related poses an obstacle to the execution of work. Physiological changes and the age of progress emerged due to chronic diseases, especially those living alone at home often face with the risk of accidents . An important part of the problems faced by the elderly home accidents constituted. Physiological changes and dementia as well as some chronic diseases, norooftalmalojik findings, progressive hearing loss, posture, balance and gait disturbances and sensory changes, has led to increased risk of accidents. The elderly, the most important preventive safety applications, one of the age-related physiological deficiency in developing corrective to troubleshoot instruments (hearing aid, glasses, etc.. ) Usage as a domestic accident may lead to removal of conditions must be determined. Therefore, in recent years in elderly home safety and home safety inspection and control increased the importance of the list. In this context, is widely used in the field of health inspection and control lists, and application tools are the most important ergonomic evaluation. 3-Explict Statemnet Of The Study Objective Including Operational Definition: This study used a home safety check list and the elderly living at home in our country, the security situation in the house and emerged with aging in terms of accident risks in order to examine the status of housing are planned. Sample Groups: Sample 1:The elderly who is living in the city Sample 2:The elderly who is living in the rural areas Variables: Age This variables;the elderly who is living in the city Gender and the rural areas used to investigate the Education demograhic datas. Marriage Status Occupational Status House type This variables; the elderly who is living in the city Private roomsand the rural areas was used to examine the status of Domestic Availabilitytheir home. Satisfaction: Financial Status: Living Arrengement: This variables;the elderly who is living in the city and the Leisure Activities rural areas was used to examine the their life style. Security Score p: is degree of freedom: In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary 4-Methodology Section: This descriptive type of study,we selected 512 elder people with random sampling method. 30 of 512 elder person which we select in the city and 182 of 512 which we collect in the rurely areas among december to march 2007 in 7 geographical regions of Turkey in Denizli, Izmir, Ayd? n, Antalya, Mersin, Ankara, Konya, Istanbul, Diyarbakir, Trabzon, Sinop and Zonguldak provinces. In collection of data, as well as demographic information, household status and forms of life questionnaire stating where questions were administered. To determine the level of home security developed by the National Security Council, consisting of 65 questions, Home Security Checklist is used. National Security Council, the score at 1-7 in the perfect home for safety aspects, between 8-14 scores well; 15 and on the scores were assessed as dangerous. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic and National Security Council with the elderly living at home with the method to be verbatim comments will be reviewed their homes Pamukkale University School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation was completed by senior students. Chi-square test was used for evaluating data. 5-Data Analysis Section Pearson's chi-square (? ) test is the best-known of several chi square test – statistical procedures whose results are evaluated by reference to the chi square distrubition. Its properties were first investigated by Karl Pearson. In contexts where it is important to make a distinction between the test statistic and its distribution, names similar to Pearson ? -squared test or statistic are used. It tests a null hypothesis stating that the frequency distrubition of certain events ob served in a sample is consistent with a particular theoretical distribution. The events considered must be mutually exclusive and have total probability 1. A common case for this is where the events each cover an outcome of a categorial variable. A simple example is the hypothesis that an ordinary six-sided dia is â€Å"fair†, i. e. , all six outcomes are equally likely to occur. Pearson's chi-square is the original and most widely-used chi-square test. Definition Pearson's chi-square is used to assess two types of comparison: tests of goodness of fit and tests of independence. A test of goodness of fit establishes whether or not an observed frequency distrubition differs from a theoretical distribution. A test of independence assesses whether paired observations on two variables, expressed in a contingency tables, are independent of each other – for example, whether people from different regions differ in the frequency with which they report that they support a political candidate. The first step in the chi-square test is to calculate the chi-square statistics. In order to avoid ambiguity, the value of the test-statistic is denoted by X2 rather than ? 2: this also serves as a reminder that the distribution of the test statistic is not exactly that of a chi-square random variable. However some authors do use the ? 2 notation for the test statistic. An exact test which does not rely on using the approximate ? 2 distribution is Fisher’s exact test ,this is significantly more accurate in evaluating the significance level of the test, especially with small numbers of observation. The chi-square statistic is calculated by finding the difference between each observed and theoretical frequency for each possible outcome, squaring them, dividing each by the theoretical frequency, and taking the sum of the results. A second important part of determining the test statistic is to define the degrees of freedom of the test: this is essentially the number of observed frequencies adjusted for the effect of using some of those observations to define the â€Å"theoretical frequencies†. Results: 11. 2% of the elderly living in the city , 14. 4% of the elderly living in rural areas whose age is 80 and over age in the range TABLE 1:Examination of demografic data for elderly people living in the city and in rural areas Variables | CITY | RURAL | | | | | |Age | | | |65-69 age | | | |70-79 age | | | |; 80 age | | | | | | | |Gender | | | | | n % | n % | | | | | | |171 51. 8 |78 42. 8 | | |122 36. 9 |78 42. | | |37 11. 2 |26 14. 3 | |Woman | 189 57. 3 |107 58. 8 | |Man |141 42. 7 |45 41. 2 | |EDUCATION | | | |Literacy does not know | 19. 1 19. 1 |61 33. | |Literate | | | |Primary School |37. 3 37. 3 |82 45. 1 | | |10. 3 10. 3 |9 4. 9 | |  Middle School |16. 7 16. 7 |16 8. 8 | | | | | |High school |9. 1 9. 1 |9 4. | |University |7. 6 7. 6 |5 2. 7 | |Marriage Status | | | |Single | 43 13 |18 9. 9 | |Married |249 75. 5 |150 82. 4 | | |38 11. 5 |14 7. | |  Divorced | | | |Occupational Status | | | | | | | |  Works |294 89 |154 84. 6 | | |36 11 |28 15. 4 | |Not working / Retired | | | TABLE 2: An analysis of the homes of elderly living in rural areas and in the city Variables | CITY | RURAL | | | | | | | |House type | | | | | | n % | n % | p | | | | | | |Detached | 128 36. 8 | 157 96. 3 | | | | | | | |  Apartment |202 61. 2 |25 13. 7 |0. 001 | | | | | | |Private rooms | | | | |Yes | 211 63. 9 |98 53. 8 | | |No |41 12. 4 |46 25. 3 | | |Have shared |78 33. 9 |38 20. 9 |0. 001 | |Domestic availability | | | | |Good | 218 66. 1 |106 58. | | |Bad |112 33. 9 |76 42. 7 |0. 05 | |Satisfaction | | | | |Satisfied | 233 71 |107 58. 8 | | | | | | | |  Not satisfied |97 29. 4 |75 41. 2 |0. 07 | | | | | | |Financial Situation | | | | |Self-sufficie nt | 257 77. 9 |109 59. 9 | | | | | | | |  Children looking |56 17 |52 28. 6 |0. 0001 | | |17 5. 1 |1 11. 5 | | |  Relatives looking | | | | Table 3 The examination of the life style of elderly living in rural areas and in the city |Variables | CITY | RURAL | | | | | | | |Living arrangement | | | | | | | | | |  Single | | | | | | | | |  With his wife | | | | | | | | | |  With relatives | | | | |Leisure activities | | | | | | n % | n % | p | | | | | | | | | | | | |59 17. 9 |30 16. 5 | | | | | |0. 5 | | |196 59. 4 |112 61. 5 | | | |75 22. 7 |40 22 | | | | | | | |  Participation is | 130 39. 4 | 48 26. 4 | | | |200 60. 6 |134 73. 4 |0. 03 | |  Accession No | | | | | | | | | |Security score | | | | |Excellent | 7 2. 1 | 0. 5 | | |  Ã‚  Well |76 23. 0 |27 14. 8 |0. 027 | |  Bad |247 74. 9 |154 84. 6 | | The information about situation of old peoples houses are presented in Table 2. About %59,4 percent of old people living in cities, and %61,5 percent of old people living in rural areas stated that they live with their husbands/wifes together. When results of Home Security and Control list are inspected; mean number of old people living in cities is 20. 61 ±8. 18, while mean number of old people living in rural areas is 25,16 ±9,59. About %74,9 percentage of houses of people living in cities are detected bad in security criterion, %23 are considered good and %2,1 are perfect. In rural areas however, %84,6 are detected bad, %14,8 are good and %0,5 are perfect. (Table 3) Debate: Every year, many old people get injured by an accident in their own houses, or near it. Most of injuries are caused by preventable dangers. Using house security and control list with regular periods, gives chance to value condition again, which leads possibility to make those dangers and risks obsolote. In our study, old people living in city and rural areas are found similiar by means of age and gender. This result shows that,HSCL results are not affected this two factors. Educational status of these two groups were examined, the higher the educational level of those living in cities and thus are better home security scores were observed. In our study, 86. 3% of those living in rural areas' reputation continued living in their houses   and 53. 8%of living in rural areas whose have a special room ,we have been identified. Proportion of people living in houses in the city (38. 8%) lower than those living in rural areas, although the cities have the people in the private room rate is higher (69. 9%). We think that it is significant to consider this situation, while arranging house by means of security. According to home safety checklist,reaching domestic usability for both elderly groups have similiar charecteristics,the average score was not effective on. However, a higher proportion of elderly living in rural areas in the (41. 2%) stated that they are not satisfied with our home security-related problems that indicate a large size. 40. 1% of those living in rural areas in need of financial support to someone else, in protection from danger at home to prevent the necessary ergonomic regulations is an important financial problem. In our study, we have control in the city (74. 9%) and of the houses in rural areas (84. %) a large proportion of unsafe and risky as to fall hazard was observed. For those living in the city, to live in the apartment, the financial situation is good to be home and satisfied with the condition are important factors in domestic security. For old people li ving in rural areas however, having poor education, living in a private house and being financially dependent raises the security score, and leads danger for security of people. Our results are also compatible with literature The surver used in our study, includes the different characteristics of house and different activities made in house, which allows to evaluate and be prepared against accident risks under each sub-topic. For old people living in rural areas however, having poor education, living in a private house and being financially dependent raises the security score, and leads danger for security of people. Our results are also compatible with literature . The surver used in our study, includes the different characteristics of house and different activities made in house, which allows to evaluate and be prepared against accident risks under each sub-topic. (1,2) %74. 9 percent of people living in cities and %86 percent of people living in rural areas have bad security score, which shows they are unprotected agains various accidents and falls. Those risks are similiar, both for old people living in apartments and private houses. Of each chapter house in terms of accident risk assessment and risk profile will reveal its relation with problems which occur with aging also are thought to be investigated. Moreover, determining the injury accident record form is important for audit and control systems. In light of all these records and data will be at home with ergonomic regulations reduce the risk of accidents increasing aging, the elderly and more healthy life with a higher level of quality of life can continue to take appropriate measures are required. 6-Ethical Consideration and Limitations: While we are doing a research on the elderly to learn their life,we respect their private life. So, we take care of shouldn’t be revealed their names and other personel information. 7-Research Results and Recommendations: In line with the results of our study, home security, the importance of quality of life is emphasized once again. Ergonomic and architectural creation of suitable habitat many risk eliminating the factors, will reduce the risk of injury. In this context, the health staff by producing a joint project with the architects of the houses in the community who live a healthy life, suitable for all individuals, especially the elderly are thought to be present. Also in this issue of local government, civil society organizations and government to develop policies and strategic plans are required. 8-Reference: www. korhek. org http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pearson's_chi-square_test